如何写好开头和结尾
俗话说得好：好的开头是成功的一半(Well begun is half done)；结尾好，一切都好(All is well that ends well)。一篇英语作文的开头如果写得好，就会给阅卷老师良好的印象，吸引他继续读下去；如果结尾又写得好，就会进一步强化阅卷老师对你所写作文的好感，从而给你的作文打高分。
一、如何写好开头
开头一般来说要做到开门见山，使读者了解文章要谈什么，最好能立刻引起读者的兴趣。下面介绍几种常见的写法：
1．背景法——说明事件发生的时间、地点、背景等
(2013·北京卷书面表达)Last Monday，my father said goodbye to my mother and me and went on a business trip.
上周一，我爸爸向妈妈与我告别，因为他要外出做生意。
2．主题句法——提出一个观点或论据作为文章要阐明和论述的主题
Old people play an important role in our country，because they have experience，they are wiser，and they have enough time.
老年人在我们国家起着重要的作用，因为他们经验丰富，聪明智慧，时间充足。
3．问题法——用提出问题的方法来引出文章的内容，以吸引读者的注意力
Why do we go to university？Different people have different opinions.
我们为什么要上大学？不同的人有不同的观点。
4．引语法——摘录或引用某些名人的名言或常见的习语、谚语作为文章的开端
There is an old English saying，“Gain time，gain life”．
Then what is time？Time is a kind of thing that we can’t see or touch，but we can feel it pass by.
有一个古老的英语谚语“赢得时间，就赢得生命”。那么，时间是什么呢？时间是一种看不见、摸不着的东西，但是我们能感觉到它的流逝。
5．定义法——常见于对标题下定义，然后通过举例、逻辑推理等方法加以说明
A good student is one who possesses good morality，sound health，perfect knowledge and various abilities.
一个好学生要拥有良好的品德、健全的身体、完美的知识和各种各样的能力。
6．数据法——引用已经证实的某些统计数字来引起话题
The fact that less than 5%of the British population graduate from universities may seem surprising，especially compared with the American percentage of over 30%.
英国人口中大学毕业生所占的比例不足5%的事实看上去很令人吃惊，尤其是和美国的超过30%的比率相比。
7．实例法——通过一个实例或现象引出话题
Nowadays，people in many big cities are complaining about heavy traffic.It has seriously influenced people’s daily life and economic development.
现今，许多大城市的人们都在抱怨交通拥堵，它严重地影响了人们的日常生活和经济发展。
[练一练]用上述开头法翻译下列句子
1．上周日，我和同学们去了香山公园。
Last Sunday，my classmates and I went to Xiangshan Park. (背景法)
2．眼下，街谈巷议，人们的热门话题总离不开“三贵”：买房贵、上学贵、看病贵。
Nowadays it is often talked about that there are three things that people can’t afford.It is expensive to buy houses，to pay for the children’s education and to see the doctor. (主題句法)
3．当有那么多方式可以与学生家长沟通时，家访还有必要吗？
Are home visits necessary when there are so many ways to communicate with students’ parents? (问题法)
4．正如谚语所说的那样“时间就是金钱”，是的，情况确实就是这样。
As the saying goes，“Time is money.” Yes，it’s indeed the case. (引语法)
5．宠物是人们饲养并将其视为伙伴的动物。
A pet is an animal kept by a person as a companion.(定义法)
6．最近的研究表明，有50%的学生不吃早饭。
A recent study shows that 50% of the school kids don’t have breakfast.(数据法)
7．目前，怎样处理垃圾是我们城市面临的一大问题。
How to deal with waste is a big problem for our city now.(实例法)
二、如何写好结尾
结尾有概括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想，升华主题的作用。主要有以下几种写法：
1．照应开头
Everyone enjoys beautiful things.And seeing sunrise may be one of the most unusual experiences in our life.
每个人都喜欢美好的事物，看日出也许是我们人生中最不平凡的经历中的一次了。
2．复述中心
We must protect the water as well as find ways to reuse it.If not，the last drop of water will be a teardrop.
我们必须保护水源，寻找再利用水的方法，如果不这样做，最后一滴水将是人类的一滴泪水。
3．总结式
In a word，a friend in need is a friend indeed.May all of us treasure friendship.
总之，患难之交才是真正的朋友，愿我们所有人珍视友谊。
4．引用式
As the saying goes，every coin has two sides.
常言道，任何事情都有两面性。
5．希望式
The Internet is now very important to me because it not only gives me a lot of fun but also it is very useful.I like it and hope you will like it too.
现在网络对我来说非常重要，因为它给我带来很多乐趣，而且非常有用，我喜欢它，希望你也喜欢它。
6．问题式
Will you join us in the next century？How romantic and fantastic it will be!
你愿意在下个世纪加入我们吗？那将是多么浪漫和奇妙啊！
[练一练]用上述结尾法翻译下列句子
1．不同的旅行方式都能让人们愉快，但我还是最喜欢乘火车旅行。
Different ways of traveling can make people happy，but I like traveling by train most. (照应开头)
2．从这次经历中，我了解到细心非常重要，尤其在考试时，我们怎样细心都不为过。
From this experience，I learned that being careful is very important and that we can’t be too careful，especially in examinations. (总结式)
3．爱是给予，爱是关注他人，我将尽力把我所有的爱奉献给他人。
Love is giving and love is paying attention to others.I will do my best to give all my love to others.(复述中心)
常见开头方式：
as far as... is concerned对……而言，就……而论
as far as we know据我们所知
As everybody knows/As is known to all众所周知
as the proverb says正如谚语所说
as the saying goes俗话说
as has been already discussed正如已经讨论过的
as has been mentioned above如上所述
however，the difficulty lies in... 然而，问题在于……
I am greatly convinced that... 我深信……
It is estimated/predicted that... 据估计……
It is generally agreed that... 大家通常认为……
It is believed/thought that... 人们认为……
It is said that... 据说……
It is reported that... 据报道……
It is well known that... 众所周知……
It must be admitted that... 必须承认的是……
It must be pointed out that... 必须指出的是……
It must be emphasized that... 必须强调的是……
It can be said with certainty that... 可以肯定地说……
It can’t be denied that... 不可否认的是……
It goes without saying that... 不言而喻/不用说……
No one can deny that... 谁也不可否认的是……
Now that we know that... 既然我们知道……
There is no denying the fact that... 不可否认的是……
There is no doubt that... 毫无疑问……
Therefore，we should realize that... 因此，我们应当意识到……
to begin with首先
to tell the truth老实说
We must recognize the fact that...我们必须承认……
What calls for special attention is that...需引起特别注意的是……
What we believe is that...我们相信的是……
when it comes...当提到……
with the development of...随着……的发展
常见结尾方式：
all in all总的来说
as a consequence/result结果
from this point of view就此而论
If we can do as mentioned above，there can be no doubt that...
如果我们能做到如上所述，毫无疑问……
in a word/in brief/in conclusion/in general/in short/in summary
总之；简言之
In this way，I believe that... 如此，我相信……
last but not least最后但同等重要的
on the whole总的来看
Only with combined efforts can we...
唯有通力合作我们才……
Therefore，we have the reason to believe that...
因此，我们有理由相信……
to sum up概括地说
We can，therefore，come to the conclusion that...
因此，我们可以得出如下结论……
We，therefore，can make it clear from the above discussion that...
因此，从上面的讨论中我们可以明白……